The possibility that various European, African, or Asian cultures might have “discovered” the Americascenturies or even millennia before Columbusis a wildly popular idea. Numerous books, magazines, and television programshave been devoted to the topic. Most of these claims are complete nonsense, but at least one has the distinction of having been championed by a respected archaeologist who works for the normally reputable Smithsonian Institution.
In my May column for the Columbus Dispatch, I consider the hypothesis, championed by the late Betty J. Meggers, that fishermen from Japan’s Jomon culture, perhaps swept out to sea by a major storm, survived a prolonged sea voyage to end up on the shores of Ecuador where they introduced their ideas about how pottery should be made.
Meggers, writing in the Winter 1980 issue of the unfortunately short-lived magazine Early Man, described how Emilio Estrada, “a young Ecuadorian businessman” and dedicated avocational archaeologist, along with Clifford Evans, a fellow Smithsonian archaeologist, and Meggers came up with the “hypothesis of a pre-columbian introduction of pottery making from Japan to Ecuador.”
Here, in her own words, is a brief summary of how they came up with the idea:
“During late 1960, Estrada undertook a large excavation at Valdivia, which provided a much bigger sample of pottery from the earliest levels. The following spring, he wrote us a letter with a novel suggestion. He had encountered a report on the Jomon pottery of Japan and observed that many of the techniques and motifs of decoration were similar to those of Valdivia.Having been taught in graduate school that transpacific contacts were irrelevant to explaining the origins of New World traits, we reacted with skepticism. When we examined his sources, however, we found to our surprise that the similarities were closer and more numerous than anything we had been able to find within the Americas. Following the rules traditionally employed by archeologists for establishing affiliations made it necessary to infer that Jomon and Valdivia were related. This implied a transpacific contact about the beginning of the third millennium B.C.”
Among the specific decorative traits and rim treatments shared by Jomon and Valdivia pottery are the following:
1. Broad-line incision
2. Excision
3. Red slip
4. Finger grooving
5. Shell stamping
6. Combing
7. Cord impression
8. Rocker stamping
9. Folded-over rim
10. Short spout
There are essentially two alternative explanations for the similarities. Either the two traditions developed independently and the similarities are entirely coincidental, or one gave rise to the other through the direct transfer of knowledge via transpacific contact.
For Meggers, the “rules traditionally employed by archaeologists for establishing affiliations” required accepting the transpacific contact hypothesis as the preferred explanation for the facts.
Those “rules,” at the time Meggers and her colleagues were developing their hypothesis, were based on the view that similarities and differences in artifacts were a simple reflection of the social identities of their makers. Therefore, the degree of similarity between artifacts at different sites provided a direct measure of the degree of the social relationships between the people living at those sites. Lewis Binford and others subsequently challengedthis “cultural historical” approach to the analysis of artifacts and assemblages, but without going into this debate it seems surprising to me that Meggers could not see the difference between applying this line of reasoning to assemblages of artifacts from neighboring valleys and applying it to assemblages on opposite sides of the Pacific Ocean in the absence of other convincing evidence of contact between those distant places. Isn’t it obvious that, as a general rule, the plausibility of an argument for a cultural relationship between groups of people making similar looking artifacts would decrease with increasing geographic distance between the groups?
Given the strong arguments against the idea of pre-Columbian contacts between the Americas and the rest of the world and the long history of failure of all such arguments that had been proposed up to that time, it seems to me that Meggers and her colleagues were extraordinarily naive to think their data constituted a strong case for transpacific contact or that their arguments would convince the archaeological community.
The new genetic evidence for a possible connection between Jomon Japan and Valdivian Ecuador, which I discuss in my Dispatch column, provides a measure of vindication for Meggers, but it does not mean that the archaeological community should have accepted the evidence as it was presented in the 1960s.
Robert Pirsig has written that “the real purpose of the scientific method is to make sure Nature hasn’t misled you into thinking you know something you don’t actually know.”
Meggers thought she knew something back in 1965. She may, indeed, have been on to something, but she actually didn’t know it. The evidence was not sufficient to support her extraordinary claim.
Oddly enough, another Smithsonian archaeologist, Dennis Stanford is now making the even more extraordinary claim that the Paleolithic European Solutrean culture colonized eastern North American introducing the Clovispoint to this hemisphere. The hypothesis is not widely accepted and, unlike the Jomon hypothesis, it is not supported by the genetic record.
Finally, it should go without saying (but won’t) that even if it can be confirmed that the Jomon culture did, indeed, make contact with ancient Ecuadorans, that would in no may make any of the other claims for pre-Columbian contact any more plausible. Each such claim must stand or fall on the merits of the evidence marshaled for that particular claim.
FOR FURTHER READING
Craig, O. E., et al.
2013 Earliest evidence for the use of pottery. Nature, Volume 496, pages 351-354.
Daggett, Richard E.
1978 The life cycle of an idea: transpacific voyages and American archaeology. Journal of the Virgin Islands Archaeological Society No. 6, pp. 13-22.
Ebbesmeyer, Curtis and Eric Scigliano
2009 Borne on a Black Current. Smithsonian.com
Estrada, Emilio and Betty J. Meggers
1962 Possible transpacific contact on the coast of Ecuador. Science, Volume 135, Number 3501, pages 371-372.
McEqan, Gordon F. and D. Bruce Dickson
1978 Valdivia, Jomon fishermen, and the nature of the North Pacific: some nautical problems with Meggers, Evans, and Estrada’s (1965) transoceanic contact thesis. American Antiquity Volume 43, Number 3, pages 362-371.
Meggers, Betty J.
1972 Prehistoric America. Aldine, Chicago.
Meggers, Betty J., Clifford Evans and Emilio Estrada
1965 Early Formative Period of Coastal Ecuador: The Valdiviaand Machalilla Phases. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology, Volume 1: http://www.sil.si.edu/smithsoniancontributions/Anthropology/sc_RecordSingle.cfm?filename=SCtA-0001&CFID=16241102&CFTOKEN=22089688
Roewer, Lutz, et al.
2013 Continent-wide decoupling of Y-chromosomal genetic variation from language and geography in Native South Americans. PLOS Genetics, Volume 9, Issue 4: http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1003460
Brad Lepper
Ohio Historical Society Archaeology Blog 
Bradley, you left out of your summary Meggers demonstration of identical watercraft and housing shared by the two areas.And that that trans-pacific contact spanned two cultures.Also, to my knowledge, Meggers always claimed that those contacts were accidental and one way.
Without getting into the merits of the Jomon/Ecuador issue, there are some factors about migration that should be noted. The first is the curious belief among Europeans that, once the world had gotten populated, everyone stopped moving until the Europeans got going in the 154th century. This is, of course, nonsense. The reality is that all peoples are always on the move to one degree or another. Migration comes, not only in waves, but in continual trickles. You can be fairly sure that people have been drifting here continually since the first modern humans reached the Pacific. They were already seaworthy people by the time they got to Australia and Flores.Another factor is that, once a route has been opened, it rarely closes. Contact with home for migrating people is often maintained. Routes such as the Silk Road, for example, probably date to the original migrations into that country.Then there are those pesky sweet potatoes and chickens that somehow crossed the oceans before the Europeans, as well.Then there's the arc of discovery which is a form of Moore's Law where the age of everything slowly gets pushed back: first tool, first domestication, first fire, etc. Everything gets more complicated. The bodies in prehistoric Danish cemeteries are found to have come from Africa and Asia, much less the rest of Europe.We can be confident that, of the currently suspected pre-Columbian contacts, some will prove to be true. We can also be confident that we will discover other pre-Columbian contacts that we have not yet suspected.None of this directly impinges on the Jomon/Ecuador question, but it does increase the likelihood of the theory being correct.
The idea that ancient civilizations could not cross the oceans should be put to rest by the Polynesians whose level of civilization did not reach as high as the Egyptians, the Greeks, and the Phoenicians but who still manage to cross the Pacific Ocean. Similarities between New Worlds civilizations and Old World civilization if taken as a whole should be more than enough proof of contact. But the people who argue against contact like to knock down the arguments one by one instead of taking them as a total.
Usually you make responsible statements. But the idea that we can take pre-Columbian ocean travel seriously because NOW a Smithsonian Archeologist endorses the idea is sadly non-scientific. It should not be about people, it should not be about credentials, it should be about facts, theories, hypotheses and tests. FYI, there are hundreds of facts being ignored in favor of people and credentials. Do you, for example, know about Zuni genetics?
Pre-Columbian voyages to the Americas by the Vikings are well established by historians. They did not sustain contact nor open up a new global era as the Columbus voyages initiated, but you cannot say there were not pre-Columbian voyages.http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/10/121019-viking-outpost-second-new-canada-science-sutherland/